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Back | Show only these items: | The jasmonate-free rice mutant hebiba is affected in the response of phyA′/phyA″ pools and protochlorophyllide biosynthesis to far-red light

1
The jasmonate-free rice mutant hebiba is affected in the response of phyA′/phyA″ pools and protochlorophyllide biosynthesis to far-red light

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con1

Phytochrome (phy) A in its two native isoforms (phyA′ and phyA″) and the active (Pchlide⁶⁵⁵) and inactive (Pchlide⁶³³) protochlorophyllides were investigated by low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy in the tips of rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica cv Nihonmasari) coleoptiles from wild type (WT) and the jasmonate-deficient mutant hebiba.

Type: Object | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Obj1

The seedlings were either grown in the dark or under pulsed (FRp) or continuous (FRc) far-red light (λ_a ≥ 720 nm) of equal fluences.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

In the dark, the mutant had a long mesocotyl and a short coleoptile, whereas the situation was reversed under FR: short mesocotyl and long coleoptile, suggesting that the effect is mediated by phyA.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res1

Under these conditions the WT displayed a short coleoptile and emergence of the first leaf.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs1

In the dark, the spectroscopic and photochemical properties of phyA, its content and the proportion of its two pools, phyA′ and phyA″, were virtually identical between WT and hebiba.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

However, the total content of protochlorophyllides was higher in the mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

Upon illumination with FRc, [phyA] declined in the WT and the ratio between phyA′ and phyA″ shifted towards phyA″.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs2

In hebiba, the light-induced decline of [phyA] was less pronounced and the ratio between phyA′ and phyA″ did not shift.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

Moreover, in the WT, FRp stimulated the biosynthesis of Pchlide⁶⁵⁵, whereas FRc was inhibiting.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res4

In contrast, in the mutant, both FRp and FRc stimulated the synthesis of Pchlide⁶⁵⁵.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

This means that FRc caused the opposite effect in hebiba.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

This difference correlates with a slower photodestruction of primarily the light-labile phyA′ pool in hebiba.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

Introduction

One of the dominating themes in current phytochrome (phy) research is the structural and functional heterogeneity of the phys.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac1

A number of phys, products of different PHY genes, were discovered, with phyA and phyB as major members of the family.¹

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac1

PhyB, the ‘classical’ phy, mediates the red light (R)-induced/far-red light (FR) reversible photoresponses in the low fluence response (LFR) range, whereas phyA accounts for the very-low fluence (VLFR) and high-irradiance (HIR) responses that are most efficiently triggered by FR.²

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac1

Both phys are active throughout the whole plant life cycle, but their function is often complementary and sometimes even antagonistic.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac1

PhyA, in particular, participates in promotion and inhibition of seed germination, FR-induced de-etiolation, promotion of flowering and resetting of the circadian clock.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac1

It modifies gravitropic and phototropic sensitivity and also modulates the activity of phyB and other minor phys.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac1

It is generally believed that the complex functions of phyA are accomplished by one and the same homogeneous pigment species, whereby different regions of the molecule are responsible for the different modes of the photoresponses, VLFR and HIR.³

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac2

However, a mounting body of evidence suggests that phyA itself is heterogeneous and that this heterogeneity may account, at least partially, for the complexity of its action.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac3

Two post-translationally modified phyA populations were discovered in monocots and dicots and termed phyA′ and phyA″.⁴

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac3

These populations differ in photochemical and spectroscopic properties, in content and distribution between different organs and tissues, and in their light stability.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac3

The exact structural differences between these two phyA species are not completely understood.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac3

Experiments on transgenic plants over-expressing full-length oat phyA or mutant phyA with deletions at the N-terminus suggest that a stretch between amino-acid residues 6 and 69 could be involved in the modification.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac4

The two phyA pools probably differ in this yet unknown post-translational modification and/or in the intracellular distribution of the pigment: phyA′ appears to be soluble, whereas phyA″ is either bound to membranes or to a protein lattice.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac4

From correlations between changes of phyA′ versus phyA″ content and the phenotype of phyA mutants and transgenic plants it can be inferred that the light-labile phyA′ pool is probably responsible for de-etiolation whereas the relatively light-stable phyA″ pool might function throughout the entire life cycle of the plant.

Type: Hypothesis | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Hyp1

In addition, phyA″ might also modify (suppress) the action of phyA′.

Type: Hypothesis | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Hyp1

It has been proposed that the balance between both phyA pools could provide a mechanism for the fine-tuning of phyA-action (see ^{ref. 4} for review).

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac5

The physiological responses to phyA are likely to involve changes in the hormonal status of the plant.

Type: Hypothesis | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Hyp2

Hormones might affect the state and functions of the pigment, a possibility that so far has been mostly neglected.

Type: Hypothesis | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Hyp2

Mutants deficient in hormone synthesis, signaling or responses are valuable tools to address this issue.

Type: Object | Advantage: Yes | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Obj1

For instance, the rice mutant hebiba⁵ is deficient in jasmonic acid and shows a sign reversal in the light response of growth.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac6

Whereas coleoptile growth is elevated in the dark and efficiently inhibited by R (where phyB dominates the responses ²), mutant coleoptiles are arrested in growth as long as they remain in the dark, but expand rapidly upon illumination.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac6

Here we report that the inversion of the light response in hebiba is also induced by irradiation with FR (expected to act predominantly through phyA^2,4).

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con1

In connection with this response we find that both pools of phyA (phyA′ and phyA″) behave normally in hebiba as long as the coleoptiles are kept in the dark but not upon exposure to FR.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

In the WT, total phyA content (P_tot) declines accompanied by a considerable shift in the equilibrium towards phyA″, whereas in the mutant this decline was much less pronounced and the phyA′/phyA″ ratio remained constant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

We also observed an altered response of active protochlorophyllide (Pchlide⁶⁵⁵) to continuous FR as Pchlide⁶⁵⁵ decreased in the WT mutant and increased in the mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res4

This sign-reversal of the protochlorophyllide response is discussed in the context of the altered light-response of the two pools of native phyA.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

Materials and methods

WT rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica cv Nihonmasari) and the jasmonate-deficient hebiba mutant⁵ isolated from the same background were used in the experiments.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

The seedlings were raised for 5 days at 27 °C on floating meshes on tap water in complete darkness (D) or under FR (λ_a ≥ 720 nm).

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

The light source was a 100 W tungsten lamp in combination with filters KS-19 + FS-7 (thickness 3 mm, Optical Glass Plant, Krasnogorsk, Russia) and provided a fluence rate of approx.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

0.1 W m⁻².

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

There were two illumination regimes at equal total fluence: (1) 7 min pulsed light and 53 min D (FRp) and (2) continuous FR (FRc).

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

Since homozygous mutants are male-sterile,⁵ seed material from heterozygous plants was used, which segregated into approximately 75% of seedlings with a WT phenotype and 25% exhibiting the mutant phenotype (see below).

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

Coleoptile tips (the apical 3 mm) were harvested for the measurement.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

From 3 to 6 tips were attached to a Plexiglas sample holder using a water–glycerol mixture (50 ∶ 50%) and frozen at 85 K in a cryostat in a transparent Duwar flask.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

All the manipulations were carried out under green safelight.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp1

Low-temperature (85 K) fluorescence emission spectra of phy (λ_e = 633 nm) and protochlorophyllide (λ_e = 450 nm) were measured in the coleoptile tissue as described previously^6,7 using a custom-built spectrofluorimeter based on two double-grating monochromators of the DFS-12 and DFS-24 types (LOMO, Leningrad, USSR).

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp2

Briefly, the spectrum was initially recorded from the sample frozen in D when phy is in its R-absorbing form, Pr, (state 0) using a very weak measuring beam at 633 nm favorable for phy measurements.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp2

The source of the excitation light was a He–Ne laser, 1 mW, in combination with a monochromator MDR-2 to cut-off the pumping light, and the intensity was reduced by about 50-fold with neutral filters, such that the excitation light did not induce photochemical changes.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp2

Subsequently, the sample was illuminated at 85 K with the full light of the laser to convert Pr into lumi-R, the first photoproduct that is stable at low temperatures.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp3

The second spectrum of the sample was recorded for this state 1 when Pr is in the photoequilibrium with lumi-R.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp3

A third spectrum was recorded from the same sample upon monochromatic excitation at 450 nm to measure active (Pchlide⁶⁵⁵) and inactive (Pchlide⁶³³) protochlorophyllides.

Type: Experiment | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Exp4

The raw spectra were corrected for background fluorescence to obtain the real spectra of phy and protochlorophyllide.

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

As reference spectra for background fluorescence, spectra obtained from the base of the primary root were used because this tissue is virtually free of phy and protochlorophyllide.

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

These reference spectra were recorded at 85 K upon excitation at 633 nm (for phy) and 450 nm (for protochlorophyllide) and subtracted from the respective raw spectra.

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

It was shown earlier with the use phyA phyB mutants of Arabidopsis⁸ and pea⁹ that the spectra of old roots at their base (or of old shoots at their base), after saturating R converting Pr into Pfr, were very close to the emission spectra of etiolated stems of the double mutants.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac7

These spectra did not reveal emission bands belonging to phy, suggesting that the emission in the spectra of respective WT belonged to phyA and phyB and that the input of the minor phys (phyC–phyE) in the total phy fluorescence is negligible and can be ignored.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac7

The corrected (difference) phy spectra provided information on the spectroscopic and photochemical properties of the pigment, in particular, position of the peak, λ_max, half-band width, Δλ, of the spectrum, and extent of the Pr → lumi-R conversion to reach a photoequilibrium at 85 K, γ₁ = (F₀ − F₁)/F₀, where F₀ and F₁ are the intensities of the Pr emission in the maximum in state 0 and state 1, respectively.

Type: Method | Advantage: Yes | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

The fluorescence intensity in the Pr maximum in state 0, related to the intensity of the background fluorescence at 660 nm where the input of the Pr fluorescence is negligible, were used as measure of total phy content, [P_tot], in relative units.

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

The experimental parameter γ₁ provided information on the relative content of the two phenomenological phy types: Pr′ which comprises phyA′ (Pr′ = phyA′) and Pr″ which consists of phyA″ and phyB (Pr″ = phyA″ + phyB) (see ^{ref. 4}).

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

Phenomenologically, the two Pr species in rice are characterized by the individual γ₁ values of approx.

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac8

0.49 ± 0.03 for Pr′ and 0 for Pr″.⁶

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac8

Both [P_tot] and the Pr′/Pr″ ratio allow to estimate the content of phyA′ and phyA″ in a given sample in relative units.

Type: Method | Advantage: Yes | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

These estimates are possible, when the input of phyB is ignored—it contributes to less than 10% of [P_tot] and by Western analysis we do not observe differences between WT and hebiba mutant in terms of phyB levels.¹⁰

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs3

The content of Pchlide⁶⁵⁵ and Pchlide⁶³³ was determined proceeding from the intensities in their respective emission maxima after the spectra deconvolution as described in .^{ref. 11}

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met2

From 4 to 7 independent samples were used to determine the parameters listed above and the standard error (±SE) usually did not exceed ≈10%.

Type: Method | Advantage: Yes | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

The spectra were not corrected for the spectral sensitivity of the fluorimeter.

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

The noise of the spectra registration was below 3–5%.

Type: Method | Advantage: Yes | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

The spectra were interpolated manually.

Type: Method | Advantage: None | Novelty: New | ConceptID: Met1

Results

Growth responses

To assess the physiological effect of our lighting regime, we checked the morphology of the seedlings (Fig. 1).

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs1

In the dark, the mutant seedlings had a long mesocotyl, and a short curved coleoptile, quite reverse to the situation in the WT, where the mesocotyl was short and the coleoptile long.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs1

Pulsed FR illumination (FRp) induced emergence of the first leaf in approximately half of the WT plants.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs4

Under the same conditions, the mutant displayed a relative decrease of the mesocotyl length, whereas the coleoptile was still very similar to that of dark-grown hebiba seedlings.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs4

Finally, under continuous FR illumination (FRc), all the WT seedlings had the first leaf released from the coleoptile, whereas in hebiba the coleoptiles were closed and elongated, thus resembling dark-grown seedlings of the WT.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs5

Phytochrome

In dark grown seedlings, practically no difference in the spectroscopic and photochemical characteristics of phy in the WT and the mutant was detected (Fig. 2a).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

Position (λ_max = 685 nm) and half-band width (Δλ = 24 nm) were the same in both lines, as well as the extent of the Pr → lumi-R photoconversion.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs6

The total phy content, the proportion of phyA′ and phyA″ and their concentration in the mutant were virtually the same as in the WT (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

In seedlings grown under FRp, the parameters of phy differed between the WT and the mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res6

Although phy was spectroscopically very similar (λ_max = 685 nm and Δλ = 24 nm) (Fig. 2b), γ₁ was lower in the WT as compared to the mutant (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res6

Pronounced differences were observed also in the content of total phyA and of its species: in hebiba, [P_tot], [phyA′] and [phyA″] were significantly higher than in WT.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res6

In general, upon FRp illumination a considerable decline in the total phy content and a shift in the phyA′/phyA″ equilibrium towards phyA″ was found in the WT, whereas hebiba showed almost no changes in [P_tot] and in the proportion of the two phyA species (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

Even more pronounced changes in the phy state were found in seedlings grown under FRc.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res7

The position and the shape of the spectra of phyA in the Pr form in the WT and the mutant were essentially similar (λ_max = 685 nm and Δλ = 26 nm) (Fig. 2c).

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs7

However, the extent of the Pr → lumi-R conversion (γ₁) dropped further down in the WT whereas in hebiba it remained practically unchanged as compared with dark-grown seedlings (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res7

Seedlings of both lines revealed a considerable decline in [P_tot] upon FRc, although it was more pronounced in the WT.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

This decline was followed by further lowering of the phyA′/phyA″ proportion in the WT whereas in the mutant it remained essentially unchanged (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

Protochlorophyllide

In the dark, hebiba accumulates much higher protochlorophyllide both in the active and inactive forms than the WT, but the ratio [Pchlide⁶⁵⁵]/[Pchlide⁶³³] remains unaffected (Figs. 4 and 5).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res8

Upon FRp we observed a stimulation of the synthesis for both Pchlide⁶⁵⁵ and Pchlide⁶³³ by approximately 1.5-fold in the WT whereas in the mutant it remained practically unchanged.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res4

A quite different picture was observed in seedlings grown under FRc.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

In the WT, a 3-fold inhibition of the synthesis of the active protochlorophyllide, Pchlide⁶⁵⁵, was detected, whereas a considerable activation of the synthesis (1.6-fold) was observed in hebiba (Fig. 5a).

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs8

A somewhat different situation was found with regard to the content of inactive Pchlide⁶³³.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res9

In the WT, it remained similar to the levels observed in the dark, whereas in hebiba it grew approx.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs9

1.4-fold (Fig. 5b).

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs9

Discussion

Dark-grown seedlings

The phenotype of the mutant seedlings was different of that of the WT (Fig. 1) in agreement with earlier observations.⁵

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res10

However, the fluorescence and photochemical parameters of phyA in etiolated seedlings of both the WT and hebiba lines were found to be identical (Fig. 2) as well as its total content and proportion of the phyA subpopulations (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

The fact that the balance between phyA′ and phyA″ does not change in the mutant indicates that the post-translational modification of phyA (possibly a phosphorylation) supposed to be responsible for the difference between phyA′ and phyA″¹² is not affected in hebiba.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res2

The level of protochlorophyllide was, however, considerably higher in the mutant (Fig. 4 and 5).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

100

Since the mutant is deficient in jasmonate,⁵ these findings would be consistent with a role of jasmonate in the synthesis of protochlorophyllide whereas it does not considerably affect the state of phyA in the dark.

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con1

Seedlings grown under FRp

101

Upon FR illumination, the difference between mutant and WT became manifest not only in the phenotype (Fig. 1) and in the protochlorphyllide content (Fig. 5) but also in the status of phyA (Fig. 2 and 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res11

102

However, the direction and extent of the changes depend on the mode of illumination: FRp or FRc.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res11

103

FRp brought about a small shift in the phyA′/phyA″ balance towards the latter in the WT, with no considerable changes in the mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

104

The relatively weak changes in the phyA state under FRp (which is expected to trigger VLFR¹³) indicate that the photodestruction of phyA and the regulation of phyA synthesis are unlikely to follow the VLFR response mode.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res3

105

However, FRp treatment proves to be inductive both for Pchlide⁶⁵⁵ and Pchlide⁶³³ biosynthesis in the WT, whereas in the mutant the active form of protochlorophyllide did not respond.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

106

Thus, protochlorophyllide falls under the most sensitive targets for the VLFR but seems to be not completely triggered in the mutant.

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con2

Seedlings grown under FRc

107

For the same total fluence, FRc proves to be much more effective than FRp and reveals profound differences between the WT and the mutant (Fig. 1).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res12

108

Although spectroscopically phyA in the mutant was very close to that in the WT (Fig. 2) phyA seems to be much more stable in the mutant (Fig. 3).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res13

109

In the WT, this decline is accompanied by a shift in the phyA′/phyA″ ratio in favor of phyA″.

Type: Observation | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Obs2

110

In contrast, there is practically no change in these parameters for the mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res14

111

In agreement with ^{ref. 14}, these differences are interpreted to result from the interaction of two processes: (i) autoregulation of phyA synthesis by phyA itself, which should proceed without changes in the phyA′/phyA″ ratio, and (ii) light-induced destruction of phyA primarily in the phyA′ form.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

112

In the mutant, photodestruction is slowed down primarily, whereas in the WT, autoregulation and photodestruction contribute roughly to the same extent to the light-induced disappearance of phyA.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

113

FRc is more efficiently triggering changes of [phyA′] as compared to FRp although the total fluence is kept constant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res15

114

This suggests that the HIR rather than VLFR mode of phyA action is responsible for the changes of [phyA′].

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res15

115

FRc drastically reduces the content of active protochlorophyllide in the WT (Fig. 5), in line with the effect found in Arabidopsis, tomato and barley.^15–17

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res4

116

The content of the inactive form was, however, practically unaffected.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res4

117

A quite different situation is observed in the hebiba mutant: instead of inhibition, FRc induced the synthesis of both protochlorophyllides.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

118

The sign of the FR effect on the biosynthesis of active protochlorphyllide had been shown to depend on plant species and plant tissues and to be mediated by phyA′.¹¹

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac9

119

Here we show that it also depends on the genotype (WT versus a mutant).

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con1

120

Interestingly, not only protochlorophyllide synthesis, but also growth responds inversely to FR in the mutant (see above and Fig. 1).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

121

The sign of the active protochlorophyllide regulation was found to depend on the irradiation protocol.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

122

FRp stimulated the synthesis both in WT and mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

123

FRc inhibited the synthesis of the active form in the WT and stimulated it in the mutant.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res5

124

The same tendency of the FRp and FRc effects was followed by inactive protochlorophyllide, Pchlide⁶³³ (Fig. 5).

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res16

125

As far as we know, the dependence of the sign of the effect on the mode of action of the FR (VLFR or HIR) on the protochlorophyllide biosynthesis was demonstrated for the first time.

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con3

126

The hebiba mutant is deficient in jasmonate.⁵

Type: Background | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Bac10

127

This deficiency is already present in the dark, but becomes especially manifest in response to continuous light (both R and FR), when jasmonate synthesis is strongly induced in the WT.

Type: Result | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Res17

128

This strongly suggests that the light effects mediated by phyA depend on the hormonal status of the plant.

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con4

129

It remains to be elucidated whether the changes in the relative content of the two native pools of phyA can account not only for the extent but also for the alterations in the sign of the light reactions in hebiba.

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con4

130

Future work will be directed to understand the role of jasmonate in the photodestruction of the highly photolabile pool of phyA′.

Type: Conclusion | Advantage: None | Novelty: None | ConceptID: Con5