Title:

DCMI Abstract Model

Creator:
Andy Powell
UKOLN, University of Bath, UK
Mikael Nilsson
KMR Group, CID, NADA, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Sweden
Ambjörn Naeve
KMR Group, CID, NADA, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Sweden
Pete Johnston
UKOLN, University of Bath, UK
Date Issued:
2004-09-04
Identifier:
http://dublincore.org/documents/2004/09/04/abstract-model/
Replaces:
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/dcmi/abstract-model/2004-02-04/
Is Replaced By:
Not applicable
Latest Version:
http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/
Status of Document:
This is a DCMI Working Draft.
Description of Document: This document describes an abstract model for DCMI metadata descriptions.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. DCMI abstract models
3. Descriptions, description sets and records
4. Values
5. Simple and qualified DC
6. Dumb-down
7. Encoding guidelines
8. Terminology
References
Acknowledgements
Appendix A - A note about structured values
Appendix B - The abstract model and RDF
Appendix C - The abstract model and XML
Appendix D - The abstract model and XHTML

1. Introduction

This document specifies an abstract model for DCMI metadata descriptions [DCMI]. The primary purpose of this document is to provide a reference model against which particular DC encoding guidelines can be compared. To function well, a reference model needs to be independent of any particular encoding syntax. Such a reference model allows us to gain a better understanding of the kinds of descriptions that we are trying to encode and facilitates the development of better mappings and translations between different syntaxes.

2. DCMI abstract models

The abstract model of the resources being described by DCMI metadata descriptions is as follows:

The abstract model of DCMI metadata descriptions is as follows:

The italicised terms used above are defined in the terminology section below. A number of things about the model are worth noting:

The DCMI abstract models for resources and descriptions are represented as UML class diagrams [UML] in figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 - the DCMI resource model
Figure 1 - the DCMI resource model

Figure 2 - the DCMI description model
Figure 2 - the DCMI description model

Readers that are not familiar with UML class diagrams should note that lines ending in a block-arrow should be read as 'is' or 'is a' (for example, 'a vocabulary encoding scheme is a class') and that lines starting with a block-diamond should be read as 'contains a' or 'has a' (for example, 'a statement contains a property URI'). Other relationships are labelled appropriately. The classes represented by the clear boxes are not mentioned explicitly in the textual description of the abstract model above but are discussed in Appendix A. Note that the UML modelling used here shows the abstract model but is not intended to form a suitable basis for the development of DCMI software applications.

3. Descriptions, description sets and records

The abstract model described above indicates that each property used in a description must be an attribute of the resource being described. This is commonly referred to as the 1:1 principle - the principle that a DCMI metadata description describes one, and only one, resource.

However, real-world metadata applications tend to be based on loosely grouped sets of descriptions (where the described resources are typically related in some way), known here as description sets. For example, a description set might comprise descriptions of both a painting and the artist. Furthermore, it is often the case that a description set will also contain a description about the description set itself (sometimes refered to as 'admin metadata' or 'meta-metadata').

Description sets are instantiated, for the purposes of exchange between software applications, in the form of metadata records, according to one of the DCMI encoding guidelines (XHTML meta tags, XML, RDF/XML, etc.) [DCMI-ENCODINGS].

This document defines a description set and a DCMI metadata record as follows:

4. Values

A DCMI metadata value is the physical or conceptual entity that is associated with a property when it is used to describe a resource. For example, the value of the DC Creator property is a person, organisation or service - a physical entitiy. The value of the DC Date property is a point in time - a conceptual entity. The value of the DC Coverage property may be a geographic region or country - a physical entity. The value of the DC Subject property may be a concept - a conceptual entity - or a physical object or person - a physical entity. Each of these entities is a resource.

The value may be identified using a value URI; the value may be represented by one or more value strings and/or rich values; the value may have some related descriptions - but the value is a resource.

5. Simple and qualified DC

A Dublin Core Application Profile [DCAP] is a declaration specifying, at a minimum, which properties are used within a particular metadata application. Optionally, an application profile may describe how those properties have been constrained or adapted for particular purposes.

The commonly used notions of simple and qualified Dublin Core are application profiles for two types of records based on DCMI terms. These notions can be described using the abstract model as follows:

6. Dumb-down

The process of translating a qualified DC metadata record into a simple DC metadata record is normally referred to as 'dumbing-down'. The process of dumbing-down can be separated into two parts: property dumb-down and value dumb-down. Furthermore, each of these processes can be be approached in one of two ways. Informed dumb-down takes place where the software performing the dumb-down algorithm has knowledge built into it about the property relationships and values being used within a specific DCMI metadata application. Uninformed dumb-down takes place where the software performing the dumb-down algorithm has no prior knowledge about the properties and values being used.

Based on this analysis, it is possible to outline a 'dumb-down algorithm' matrix, shown below:

  Element dumb-down Value dumb-down
Uninformed Ignore any property that isn't in the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set [DCMES]. Use value URI (if present) or value string as new value string.
Informed Recursively resolve sub-property relationships until one of the 15 properties in the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set [DCMES] is reached, otherwise ignore. Use knowledge of the related descriptions or the value string to create a new value string.

In all cases, the dumb-down algorithm should also:

Note that software should make use of the DCMI term declarations represented in RDF schema language [DC-RDFS] and the DC XML namespaces [DC-NAMESPACES] to automate the resolution of sub-property relationships.

7. Encoding guidelines

Particular encoding guidelines (HTML meta tags, XML, RDF/XML, etc.) [DCMI-ENCODINGS] do not need to encode all aspects of the abstract model described above. However, DCMI recommendations that provide encoding guidelines should refer to the DCMI abstract model and indicate which parts of the model are encoded and which are not. In particular, encoding guidelines should indicate whether any rich values or related descriptions associated with a statement are embedded within the record or are encoded in a separate record and linked to it using a URI.

Appendices B, C and D below provide a summary comparison between the abstract model and the RDF/XML, XML and XHTML encoding guidelines.

8. Terminology

This document uses the following terms:

resource
A resource is anything that has identity. Familiar examples include an electronic document, an image, a service (e.g., "today's weather report for Los Angeles"), and a collection of other resources. Not all resources are network "retrievable"; e.g., human beings, corporations, concepts and bound books in a library can also be considered resources.
resource URI
A resource URI is a URI reference that identifies a single resource.
property
A property is a specific aspect, characteristic, attribute, or relation used to describe resources.
property URI
A property URI is a URI reference that identifies a single property.
element
Within DCMI, element is typically used as a synonym for property. However, it should be noted that the word element is also commonly used to refer to a structural markup component within an XML document.
element refinement
An element refinement is a property of a resource that shares the meaning of a particular DCMI property but with narrower semantics. Since element refinements are properties, they can be used in metadata descriptions independently of the properties they refine. In DCMI practice, an element refinement refines just one parent DCMI property.
description
A description is made up of one or more statements about one, and only one, resource.
statement
A statement is made up of a property URI (a URI reference that identifies a property), zero or one value URI (a URI reference that identifies a value of the property), zero or one encoding scheme URI (a URI reference that identifies the class of the value) and zero or more value representations of the value.
description set
A description set is a set of one or more descriptions about one or more related resources.
record
A record is a description set that is instantiated according to one of the DCMI encoding guidelines (XHTML meta tags, XML, RDF/XML, etc.)
value
A value is the physical or conceptual entity that is associated with a property when it is used to describe a resource.
value URI
A value URI is a URI reference that identifies the value of a property.
value representation
A value representation is a surrogate for (i.e. a representation of) the value.
value string
A value string is a simple string that represents the value of a property. In general, a value string should not contain any marked-up text.
value string language
The value string language indicates the language of the value string.
vocabulary encoding scheme
A vocabulary encoding scheme is a class that indicates that the value of a property is taken from a controlled vocabulary (or concept-space), such as the the Library of Congress Subject Headings.
syntax encoding scheme
A syntax encoding scheme indicates that the value string is formatted in accordance with a formal notation, such as "2000-01-01" as the standard expression of a date.
encoding scheme
Encoding scheme is the generic term for vocabulary encoding scheme and syntax encoding scheme.
encoding scheme URI
An encoding scheme URI is a URI reference that identifies an encoding scheme. For all DCMI recommended encoding schemes, the URI reference is constructed by concatenating the name of the encoding scheme with the DCTerms namespace URI.
marked-up text
A string that contains HTML, XML or other markup (for example TeX) and that is associated with the value of a property.
rich value
Some marked-up text, an image, a video, some audio, etc. (or some combination thereof) that is associated with the value of a property.
related description
A related description is a description of a resource that is related to the resource being described.
qualifier
Qualifier was the generic term used for the terms that are now usually referred to specifically as element refinements or encoding schemes.
structured value
Structured value is the generic term for the following:

References

DCMI
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
<http://dublincore.org/>
UML
The Unified Modeling Language User Guide
Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson, Addison-Wesley, 1998
DCTERMS
DCMI Metadata Terms
<http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/>
DCMES
Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description
<http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/>
DCMI-ENCODINGS
DCMI Encoding Guidelines
<http://dublincore.org/resources/expressions/>
DCAP
DCMI Usage Board Review of Application Profiles
<http://dublincore.org/usage/documents/profiles/>
DC-RDFS
DCMI term declarations represented in RDF schema language
<http://dublincore.org/schemas/rdfs/>
DC-NAMESPACES
Namespace Policy for the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)
<http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-namespace/>

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Tom Baker, the members of the DC Usage Board and the members of the DC Architecture Working Group for their comments on previous versions of this document.


Appendix A - A note about structured values

This appendix discusses 'structured values', as they are used in DC metadata applications at the time of writing.

Many existing applications of DC metadata have attempted to encode relatively complex descriptions (i.e. descriptions that contain more than simply a property and its string value). These attempts have been loosely referred to as 'structured values'. It is possible to identify a number of different kinds of structured values. Four are enumerated below. The first two of these are recommended by the DCMI, in the sense that there are a number of existing encoding schemes that define values that conform to these definitions of structured values. The latter two are not currently recommended, but it is likely that they are in fairly common usage across metadata applications worldwide.

Labelled strings

These are strings that contain explicitly labelled components. Examples of this kind of structured value include:

DCSV
and the various DCMI syntax encoding schemes built on it - Period, Point and Box. An example of the use of DCSV in Period is:
<meta name="dcterms:temporal"
      scheme="dcterms:Period"
      content="start=Cambrian period; scheme=Geological timescale; name=Phanerozoic Eon;" />
vCard
for example:
<meta name="dc:creator"
      content="BEGIN:VCARD\nORG:University of Oxford\nEND:VCARD\n" />

Note that vCard is not currently a DCMI recommended encoding scheme.

Unlabelled strings

These are strings that contain implicit components within the string, i.e. the components are determined based solely on their position within the string. Examples of this kind of structured value include:

W3CDTF
the date-time format used within most DC metadata. For example:
<meta name="dc:date"
      scheme="dcterms:W3CDTF"
      content="2003-06-10" />

Marked-up text

These are strings containing 'presentational' or other markup, for example adding paragraph breaks, superscripts or chemical/mathematical markup to a dc:description. It is possible to characterise various kinds of markup as follows:

Related resource descriptions

These are metadata descriptions that describe a second resource (i.e. not the resource being described by the DC description). For example, a related description associated with the value of dc:creator could contain a complete description of the resource author (including birthday, eye-colour and favourite beverage if desired!).

In the past, 'related resource descriptions' have tended to be encoded using XML, vCard (see above) or by inventing multiple 'refinements' of DCMES properties (for example DC.Creator.Address). The RDF/XML encoding of DC (see below) provides us with a more thorough modelling of related metadata records through the use of multiple linked nodes in an RDF graph.

In DC metadata records, the following properties (and their element refinements) are used to provide the name or identifier of a second resource that is related to the resource being described:

In the case of the first three, this is typically done by providing the name (or in some cases the name and a small amount of additional information in order to better identify the person or organisation) of the related resource as the value string.

In the case of the last two, this is typically done by providing the URI reference (or some other identifier) of the related resource as the value URI. However, where no identifier is available, the name of the related resource can be provided instead (or as well) using the value string.

It should be noted that the value strings of these properties (and their element refinements) are not intended to be used to provide full descriptions of the related resource.

Summary

The categories outlined above are not watertight and there are certainly overlaps between them. For example, labelled strings can be viewed as a type of non-XML markup language. In addition, there will be cases where marked-up text (e.g. MathML) can be viewed as a related resource description.

Nevertheless, the purpose of the categorisation used here is to try and analyse existing usage of complex metadata structures within current DC metadata applications. In the context of the abstract model proposed here, all the types of structured values outlined above form part of the DCMI abstract model:


Appendix B - The abstract model and RDF

This appendix discusses the relationship between the DCMI abstract model and the Resource Description Framework (RDF).

RDF currently provides DCMI with the richest encoding environment of the available encoding syntaxes. It is therefore worth taking a brief look at how the abstract model described here compares with the RDF model.

Note that the intention here is not to provide a full and detailed description of how to encode DC metadata records in RDF. Instead, three simple examples of the use of DC in RDF are considered.

Example 1: dc:creator

Figure 3 shows a simple RDF graph (and the RDF/XML document that represents it). The graph shows a resource with a single property (dc:creator). The value of the property is a second (blank) node, representing the creator of the resource. This second blank node has several properties, used to describe the creator, and an rdfs:label property that is used to provide the value string for the dc:creator property.

Figure 3
Figure 3

Figure 4 shows the same information separated into two graphs. In this case the related description that describes the creator has been more clearly separated from the description of the resource by moving it into a separate RDF/XML document. In order to do this, the node representing the value has been assigned a value URI, allowing the two nodes in the two RDF/XML documents to be treated as representing the same thing.

The related description in the second RDF/XML document is linked to the first using the rdfs:seeAlso property and the URI of the RDF/XML document. Note that it is not strictly necessary to separate the two graphs in this way; it is perfectly valid to represent the second graph as a sub-graph of the first, as shown in figure 3. However, for the purposes of this document, the two graphs have been separated in order to more clearly differentiate the description from the related description. In some cases it will be good practice to facilitate this separation anyway. For example, in order to serve the second graph from a directory service of some kind.

Figure 4
Figure 4

Example 2: dc:subject

Figure 5 shows a second simple RDF graph (and the RDF/XML document that represents it). The graph shows a resource with a single property (dc:subject). The value of the property is a second (blank) node, representing the subject of the resource. This second blank node has an rdfs:label property that is used to provide the value string for the dc:subject property, an rdf:value property that is used to provide the classification scheme notation and an rdf:type property to provide the encoding scheme URI.

Figure 5
Figure 5

Figure 6 shows the same information separated into two graphs. In this case the related description that describes the subject has been more clearly separated from the description of the resource by moving it into a separate RDF/XML document. In order to do this, the node representing the value has been assigned a value URI, allowing the two nodes in the two RDF/XML documents to be treated as representing the same thing.

The related description in the second RDF/XML document is linked to the first using the rdfs:seeAlso property and the URI of the RDF/XML document. Note that it is not strictly necessary to separate the two graphs in this way; it is perfectly valid to represent the second graph as a sub-graph of the first, as shown in figure 5. However, for the purposes of this document, the two graphs have been separated in order to more clearly differentiate the description from the related description. In some cases it will be good practice to facilitate this separation anyway. For example, in order to serve the second graph from a terminology service of some kind.

Figure 6
Figure 6

Example 3: dc:description

Figure 7 shows a third simple RDF graph (and the RDF/XML document that represents it). The graph shows a resource with a single property (dc:description). The value of the property is a second (blank) node with an rdfs:label property that is used to provide the value string for the dc:description property. The second node also has an rdfs:seeAlso property that links to a rich value - in this case some HTML marked-up text that provides a richer representation of the description.

Note that it is possible to embed the marked-up text within a single RDF graph (using rdf:parseType="Literal"). However, this is not shown here.

Figure 7
Figure 7

Summary

By re-visiting the second figure from example 2 (figure 6) it is possible to layer the terminology used in the abstract models above over the RDF graph.

All aspects of the DCMI abstract model are supported by the RDF encoding guidelines.

Figure 8
Figure 8

Appendix C - The abstract model and XML

This appendix compares the DCMI abstract model with the Guidelines for implementing Dublin Core in XML DCMI recommendation.

Simple DC

Figure 9
Figure 9

Figure 9 shows an example simple DC description encoded according to the XML guidelines above. The example shows how the encoding supports the property URI, value string and value string language aspects of the DCMI abstract model. It should be noted that all the values that are encoded in this syntax are represented by value strings, even those that look, to the human reader, as though they are URIs.

Qualified DC

Figure 10
Figure 10

Figure 10 shows an example qualified DC description encoded according to the XML guidelines above. This example shows how the encoding supports the property URI, value string, value string language, encoding scheme URI, resource URI and resource class aspects of the DCMI abstract model. Note also that, although the resource class is indicated, the class URI is not encoded anywhere in this description.

Summary

The following aspects of the DCMI abstract model are supported by the Guidelines for implementing Dublin Core in XML recommendation:

The following aspects of the DCMI abstract model are not supported:

The following constraints apply:

Note that although value URIs cannot be explicitly encoded in the XML encoding syntax, the 'dcterms:URI' encoding scheme may be used to indicate that the value string is a valid URI. Software applications that consume DCMI metadata records may choose to interpret the use of the 'dcterms:URI' encoding scheme as an indication that the URI in the value string is a value URI (with the exception of its use with the 'dc:identifier' property).. While this is not guaranteed to be a correct interpretation of the metadata record, it is likely to be correct in the vast majoritory of cases.

Appendix D - The abstract model and XHTML

This appendix compares the DCMI abstract model with the Expressing Dublin Core in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements DCMI recommendation.

Simple DC

Figure 11
Figure 11

Figure 11 shows an example simple DC description encoded according to the XHTML guidelines above. This example shows how the encoding supports the property URI, value string, value string language and value URI aspects of the DCMI abstract model. Again, it should be noted that the value of the DC Identifier property represented in this encoding syntax is denoted by a value string, even though it looks, to the human reader, as though it is a URI.

Qualified DC

Figure 12
Figure 12

Figure 12 shows an example qualified DC description encoded according to the XHTML guidelines above. This example shows how the encoding supports the property URI, value string, value string language, value URI, encoding scheme URI, resource URI and resource class aspects of the DCMI abstract model. Again, note that the 'dcterms:URI' encoding scheme is used to indicate that the content of the XHTML <meta> element is a value URI and that, although the resource class is indicated, the class URI is not encoded anywhere in this description.

Summary

The following aspects of the DCMI abstract model are supported by the Expressing Dublin Core in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements DCMI recommendation:

The following aspects of the DCMI abstract model are not supported:

The following constraints apply:


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