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{\listoverride\listid1902790094\listoverridecount0\ls16}{\listoverride\listid875891578\listoverridecount0\ls17}}{\info{\title CEDARS: Digital Preservation and Metadata}{\author Michael Day}{\operator Michael Day}{\creatim\yr1998\mo6\dy12\hr16\min18}
{\revtim\yr1998\mo6\dy12\hr16\min46}{\version3}{\edmins0}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords3123}{\nofchars17804}{\*\company UKOLN}{\nofcharsws0}{\vern71}}\paperw11906\paperh16838
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs32\lang2057\cgrid {\b\f16\fs28 CEDARS: Digital Preservation and Metadata
\par }\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \lang2057\cgrid {\f16\fs20 Michael Day
\par UKOLN: The UK Office for Library and Information Networking,
\par University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
\par http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/
\par m.day@ukoln.ac.uk}{\f16\fs28
\par }\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par }\pard\plain \s3\qc\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16\fs20 Abstract
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par }\pard\plain \s16\qj\li720\ri793\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16\fs16
CEDARS (CURL Exemplars in Digital ARchiveS) is a UK digital preservation project funded by JISC through eLib. Lead sites in the project are the Universities of Cambridge, Leeds and Oxford. The proje
ct aims to promote awareness of the importance of digital preservation, to produce strategic frameworks for digital collection management policies and to promote methods appropriate for long-term preservation. An important strand of CEDARS will concern m
e
tadata. Metadata could be used as a means of recording migration and emulation strategies, ensuring the authenticity of digital objects, noting rights management and collection management issues and will also be used for resource description and discover
y.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f16\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-360\li360\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\ls7\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 CURL Exemplars in Digital ARchiveS (CEDARS)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 1.1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Background
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par University and research libraries have, in recent years, given their users increased access to digital information resources. Some of these form part of their physical collection, e.g. da
tabases on CD-ROM, while others are provided via computer networks and are made available on different commercial terms [}{\cs20\f16 1}{\f16
]. At the present time there is no formal mechanism for ensuring that digital resources are preserved for long term use. Indeed in many countries, including the United Kingdom, there is still no formal legal deposit for digital publications [2].
\par
\par The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) of the UK higher education funding councils funds the Electronic Libraries (eLib) Programme.
The eLib Programme was set-up in response to a report published in 1993 by a Libraries Review Group appointed by the funding councils [3]. JISC were aware that digital preservation would have an important role in the eventual success (or otherwise) of th
e
eLib Programme. Accordingly, JISC and the British Library co-sponsored a workshop on the "Long Term Preservation of Electronic Materials" which was held at Warwick University in November 1995 [4]. One outcome of this workshop was that JISC, in conjuncti
on with the National Preservation Office (NPO), agreed to fund a programme of studies which would be administered by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre (BLRIC). These JISC/NPO studies covered several distinct areas:
\par
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls12\adjustright {\f16
An analysis of the US Task Force on the Archiving of Digital Information report [5]
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls11\adjustright {\f16
A framework of data types and formats [6]
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls11\adjustright {\f16
Who should be responsible for preservation and access? [7]
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls11\adjustright {\f16 The }{\i\f16
post hoc}{\f16 rescue (data archaeology) of high-value digital material [8}{\cs20\f16 ]}{\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls11\adjustright {\f16
The preservation requirements of universities and research funding bodies [9]
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls11\adjustright {\f16
Comparison of methods of digital preservation [10]
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls11\adjustright {\f16
Strategies for creating and preserving digital collections [11]
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\f16
\par As part of eLib Phase 3, JISC decided to fund a project
that would be able to investigate some of the practical issues of digital preservation. The Consortium of University Research Libraries (CURL) is a consortium of research libraries in the British Isles whose mission is "to promote, maintain and improve l
i
brary resources for research in universities." Digital preservation is a key issue for all CURL members. CURL accordingly submitted a research proposal as part of eLib Phase 3. The result of this is the CURL Exemplars in Digital ARchiveS (CEDARS) proj
e
ct, funded by JISC through the CURL libraries. The project started in April 1998, and will run for three years. The lead sites in the project are the Universities of Cambridge, Leeds and Oxford. UKOLN has some involvement with the parts of the project
relating to metadata. Other collaborating institutions include the Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS), the British Library, the Data Archive, the NPO and the Research Libraries Group (RLG).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 1.2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Objectives
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 The project aims to investigate strategies wh
ich will ensure that the digital information resources typically included in library collections may, with other non-digital objects, be preserved over the longer term. It order to achieve this aim the project plans to:
\par
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls16\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls16\adjustright {\f16
Promote awareness about the importance of digital preservation, both amongst research libraries and their users, and amongst the data creating and data supplying communities upon which they depend.
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls16\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls16\adjustright {\f16
Identify, document and disseminate strategic frameworks within which individual libra
ries can develop collection management policies which are appropriate to their needs and which can guide the necessary decision-making to safeguard the long-term viability of any digital resources that are included in their collections.
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls16\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls16\adjustright {\f16 Investigate, do
cument and promote methods appropriate to the long-term preservation of different classes of digital resources typically included in library collections, and to develop costed and scaleable models.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 1.3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Scope of demonstrators
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par Several different types of digital resources will be included within the CEDARS project scope.
\par
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls3\adjustright {\f16
Digitised primary resources
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls3\adjustright {\f16 Datasets
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls3\adjustright {\f16 Electronic journals
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls3\adjustright {\f16 Online databases
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls3\adjustright {\f16
Electronic ephemera - pre-prints, Web pages, subject gateways, etc.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls4\adjustright {\f16 Digital resources wh
ere intellectual content is bound to structure, form and behaviour
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls4\adjustright {\f16 Metadata
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\f16
\par The CEDARS project is interested in demonstrating the preservation of all material that is the traditional preserve of the research li
brary. It, however, is not concerned with information in the form of sound or video. It is, additionally, only concerned in preserving the intellectual content of resources, not the physical objects upon which they are stored. Each of the lead sites wi
l
l take responsibility for providing demonstrators for a particular 'flavour' of digital resource. Cambridge will deal with dynamic data, Oxford with primary resources while Leeds will look at digital resources where intellectual content is bound to struc
t
ure, form and behaviour (e.g. CD-ROMs). In addition, the three lead sites will lead working groups on those related issues that had been identified as most important: Cambridge on rights management, Oxford on metadata, and Leeds on the use of emulation
as a preservation strategy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 1.4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Deliverables
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Key deliverables of the CEDARS project include the production of:
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {\f16
Guidelines for developing collection management policies which will ensure the long-term viability of any digital resources included in the collection
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {\f16
Demonstrator projects to test and promote the technical and organisational feasibility of a chosen strategy for digital preservation
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {\f16
Methodological guidelines developed by the demonstrator projects providing guidance about how to preserve different classes of digital resources
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {\f16
Clearly articulated preferences about data formats, content models and compression techniques which are most readily and cost-effectively preserved
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\f16
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {\f16
Publications of benefit to the whole higher education community
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\f16
\par One of these publications will be a study of digital preservation metadata.
\par
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f16\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-360\li360\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\ls7\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Metadata and digital preservation
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par Discussions of metadata in the library community have largely centred on issues of resource description and discovery [12]. There is
, however, a growing awareness that metadata has an important role in digital resource management, including preservation. Accordingly, in May 1997 the Research Libraries Group constituted a Working Group on the Preservation Issues of Metadata. The aim
o
f this working group is to ensure that information essential to the continued use of digital resources is captured and preserved in an accessible form. A preliminary report has been produced which identifies 16 preservation metadata elements and provides
a semantic framework for this [13}{\cs20\f16 ]}{\f16 .
\par
\par The CEDARS project also recognised from an early stage that metadata issues would be important. A working group has been formed to cover metadata. At this preliminary stage of the project it is difficult to predict wh
at particular recommendations this working group will produce but interest is likely to be shown in the following issues.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
Metadata for emulation and migration
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par The core technical problems of digital preservation relate to inadequate media longevity, r
apid hardware obsolescence and dependencies on particular software products. In this context it makes good sense to preserve the data itself, not the physical medium on which it happens to reside. There are several potential technical approaches to this
problem. Jeff Rothenberg has suggested, for example, the building of software emulators that would mimic the behaviour of obsolete hardware and software [14]. This would involve encapsulating data together with the application software used to create it
and a description of the required hardware environment. To facilitate future use, Rothenberg suggests attaching 'annotation metadata' to the surface of each encapsulation which would both "explain how to decode the obsolete records contained inside the e
n
capsulation and to provide whatever contextual information is desired about these records" [15]. This surface metadata, which could also contain resource discovery information, would be kept in a standard 'bootstrap' format so that it could be converted
to new formats as part of the preservation refresh cycle.
\par
\par Another approach to digital preservation is the periodic mi
gration of digital information from one generation of computer technology to a subsequent one [16]. Using migration, it is important to ensure that preserved documents are what the US National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) funded
University of Pittsburgh Electronic Records Project describe (in an archives context) as 'inviolate', 'coherent' and 'auditable' [17]. David Bearman defines 'coherent' as follows: "If records are migrated to new software environments, "content, structure
and context information must be linked to software functionality that preserves their executable connections or representations of their relations must enable humans to reconstruct the relations that pertained in the original software environment" [18].
S
uccessful migration strategies will, therefore, depend upon metadata being created to record the migration history of a digital object and to record contextual information so that a future user can reconstruct (or understand) the technological environment
in which a particular digital object was created.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
Metadata for authentication
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par In addition to the technical problems of digital preservation, there will be a need to address problems of intellectual preservation [19]. For example, how will users know
that the digital object that they retrieve is the one that they want? Again, how can one guard against unauthorised changes being made to the information content of digital objects?
\par
\par A partial solution to this problem would be the general adoption of uni
que and persistent digital identifiers. This would mean the assignment of a new identifier each time a particular digital object is updated. Current initiatives include the Uniform Resource Name (URN) which is being developed for the Internet community
b
y working groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force [20] and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), an initiative of the Association of American Publishers [21]. Legacy identifiers will also continue to be used for some of the digital objects within th
e
CEDARS project scope, so - for example - some publishers will assign International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) to CD-ROMs or generate Serial Item and Contribution Numbers (SICIs) for online journal articles. On the other hand, other items in the proje
ct scope, electronic ephemera for example, are unlikely to have previously assigned persistent and unique identifiers.
\par
\par An additional approach to ensuring the authenticity of a given digital object would be to use a simple cryptographic technique like the p
roduction of a validation key value or checksum for each resource in a digital archive. An authentication checksum could be computed from each resource in a digital archive and stored with the descriptive metadata. When a user, or the archive, wants to
r
etrieve the resource at a later date this checksum could be computed again and compared with the checksum recorded in the metadata. If the two agree there can be confidence that the document retrieved is the one referred to by the descriptive metadata.
This general approach has been adopted for use by the European Telematics for Libraries project BIBLINK [22].
\par
\par Archivists and records managers have similar concerns with authenticity, integrity and preserving 'evidentiality'. The University of Pittsburgh El
ectronic Records Project, for example, has defined a metadata model for business-acceptable communications [23]. A University of British Columbia project has also worked on defining the requirements for preserving reliable and authentic electronic record
s [24}{\cs20\f16 ]}{\f16 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
Metadata for resource discovery.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par Digital resources that have been physically preserved will also need to be retrievable. For this reason, preservation systems will have to interact with resource discovery systems. Recommendations on resource d
iscovery formats (e.g. Dublin Core) or metadata frameworks (e.g., Resource Description Format) will constitute an important part of CEDARS work on metadata.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
Metadata for rights management.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par Solving rights management problems in a digital preservation
context will be crucial to a practically based project like CEDARS. Within the project, different licensing arrangements will have to be made with relevant stakeholders. This rights management information can be stored as part of the descriptive metadat
a and this could be used to manage access to digital resources in the demonstrators.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.5.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
Metadata for resource evaluation
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par Not all digital resources will be preserved and, indeed, not all digital resources will be worthy of long-term preservation. CEDARS
is interested in helping to develop suitable collection management policies for research libraries. This work could build on work carried out on selection criteria for Internet subject gateways produced by the EU funded DESIRE project [25].
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f16\fs18\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 2.6.\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-432\li792\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx792\ls7\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Metadata management
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par Another important issue is how this metadata will be generated and where it will be kept. Metadata could be stored either in a centralised or distributed database and linked to the original resource. Alternatively, metadata could also be embe
dded in or otherwise directly associated with the original resource. Different solutions might be possible for different types of metadata. Resource discovery and rights management metadata could form part of a searchable database, while metadata specif
y
ing the technical formats used, the migration strategies operated and a document's use history could be stored with the document itself. Over a long period of time, this metadata will grow in size and will itself have to be subject to migration and authe
ntication strategies.
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f16\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-360\li360\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\ls7\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Conclusions
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par CEDARS is a project that aims to address strategic, methodological and practical issues relating to digital preservation. The project will include the development of demonstrators to check the technical and organisati
onal feasibility of the chosen preservation strategies. One strand of the project will investigate metadata issues. A preliminary report will be made available later this year and a seminar convened.
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f16\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-360\li360\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\ls7\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 References
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par }\pard\plain \s19\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 [1] \tab Day, M.W., Online serials: preservation issues. In }{\i\f16 E-serials: publishers, libraries, users and standards}{\f16
, ed. W. Jones. The Serials Librarian, 33. Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, 1998, 199-221.
\par
\par [2]\tab Hoare, P., }{\i\f16 Legal deposit of non-print material: an international overview, September-October 1995}{\f16 . British Library Research and Development Report, 6245. London: British Library Research and Development Department, 1996.
\par
\par [3] \tab Joint Funding Councils' Libraries Review Group, }{\i\f16 A report for the Higher Education Fundi
ng Council for England, the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council, the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales and the Department of Education Northern Ireland}{\f16 [the Follett Report]. Bristol: HEFCE, December 1993.
\par
\par
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 [4]\tab Fresco, M.,}{\i\f16
Long term preservation of electronic materials: a JISC/British Library Workshop as part of the Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) organised by UKOLN, 27th and 28th November 1995 at the University of Warwick}{\f16 . Bri
tish Library Research and Development Report, 6238. London: British Library Research and Development Department, 1996.
\par }\pard\plain \s19\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par
\par [5] \tab Matthews, G., Poulter, A. and Blagg, E., }{\i\f16 Preservation of digital materials policy and strategy issues for the UK : report of a meeting held at the British Library Research and Innovation Centre, London, 13 December 1996}{\f16
. British Library Research and Innovation Report, 41. London: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1997.
\par
\par
\par [6] \tab Bennett, J.C., }{\i\f16 A framework of data types and formats, and issues affecting the long-term preservation of digital material}{\f16 . British Library Research and Innovation Report, 50. L
ondon: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1997.
\par
\par
\par [7]\tab Haynes, D., Streatfield, D., Jowett, T. and Blake, M., }{\i\f16 Responsibility for digital archiving and long term access to digital data}{\f16
. British Library Research and Innovation Report, 67. London: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1997.
\par
\par
\par [8]\tab Ross, S. and Gow, A., }{\i\f16 Digital archaeology? Rescuing neglected or damaged digital collections}{\f16 . British Library Research and Innovation Report, 108.
\par
\par [9] \tab Data Archive, }{\i\f16 An Investigation into the digital preservation needs of universities and research funders}{\f16 . British Library Research and Innovation Report, 109.
\par
\par [10] \tab Hendley, T., }{\i\f16 Comparison of methods and costs of digital preservation}{\f16 , British Library Research and Innovation Report, 106.
\par
\par [11] \tab Beagrie, N. and Greenstein, D., }{\i\f16 Strategy for creating and preserving digital collections}{\f16 . First public consultation and review draft. London: Arts and Humanities Data Service, 24 April 1998.
\par
\par
\par [12]\tab Heery, R., Powell, A. and Day, M., }{\i\f16 Metadata}{\f16 . Library and Information Briefings, 75. London: South Bank University, Library Information Technology Centre, 1997.
\par
\par [13] \tab RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata, }{\i\f16 Preliminary report}{\f16 . Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, 7 January 1998.
\par
\par
\par [14]\tab Rothenberg, J., Ensuring the longevity of digital documents. }{\i\f16 Scientific American}{\f16 , 272 (1), 1995, 24-29.
\par
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 [15] \tab Rothenberg, J., }{\i\f16 Metadata to support data quality and longevity}{\f16 . Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Meta
data Conference, NOAA Complex, Silver Spring, Md., 16-18 April 1996.
\par }\pard\plain \s19\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par
\par [16] \tab Task Force on the Archiving of Digital Information, }{\i\f16 Preserving digital information: report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information commissioned by the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group}
{\f16 . Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1996.
\par
\par
\par [17] \tab Duff, W., Ensuring the preservation of reliable evidence: a research project funded by the NHPRC. }{\i\f16 Archivaria}{\f16 , 42, 1995, 28-45.
\par
\par [18] \tab Bearman, D., }{\i\f16 Electronic evidence: strategies for managing records in contemporary organizations}{\f16 . Pittsburgh, Penn.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994, p. 302.
\par
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 [19] \tab Graham, P.S., Long-term intellectual preservation. In }{\i\f16 Digital imaging technology for preservation}{\f16
, ed. N.E. Elkington, Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, 1994, 41-57.
\par }\pard\plain \s19\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par [20] \tab Sollins, K. and Masinter, L., }{\i\f16 Functional Requirements for Uniform Resource Names}{\f16 . RFC 1737, 1994.
\par
\par
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 [21] \tab Bide, M., }{\i\f16 In search of the Unicorn: the Digital Object Identifier from a user perspective}{\f16 , rev. ed. BNBRF Report 89. London: Book Indus
try Communication, 1998.
\par
\par }\pard\plain \s19\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par [22] \tab BIBLINK project:
\par
\par [23]\tab Bearman, D. and Sochats, K., Metadata requirements for evidence. Pittsburgh, Penn.: University of Pittsburgh, School of Information Science, 1996.
\par
\par
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 [24] \tab Duranti, L. and MacNeil, H., The protection of the integrity of electronic records: an overview of the UBC-MAS Research Project. }{\i\f16 Archivaria}{\f16
, 42, 1995, 46-67.
\par }\pard\plain \s19\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par [25] \tab Hofman, P., Worsfold, E., Hiom, D., Day, M., and Oehler, A., }{\i\f16 Specification for resource description methods: 2, Selection criteria for quality controlled information gateways}{\f16
. DESIRE: Development of a European Service for Information on Research and Education, Deliverable 3.2 (2), May 1997.
\par }{\f16\fs16
\par }\pard\plain \qj\fi2484\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f16\cgrid \hich\af16\dbch\af0\loch\f16 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-360\li360\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\ls7\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\lang2057\cgrid {\f16 Acknowledgements
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {\f16
\par UKOLN is funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre, the Joint Information Services Committee of the UK Higher Education Funding councils, as well as by project funding from JISC's eLib
Programme and the European Union. UKOLN also receives support from the University of Bath, where it is based.
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par }{\b\f16 For more information on the CEDARS project, please contact:
\par }{\f16
\par Kelly Russell
\par CEDARS Project Manager
\par Edward Boyle Library
\par University of Leeds
\par Leeds LS2 9JT
\par
\par k.l.russell@leeds.ac.uk
\par
\par
\par }}