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\par }\pard \s19\ri360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\adjustright {\i MODELS 7 draft report
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s1\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f1\fs28\lang2057\kerning28\cgrid {MODELS Information Architecture (MIA): deployment\line Workshop 7 report \endash draft
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Rosemary Russell, UKOLN
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {The seventh MODELS workshop was held in Bath on 7-8 May 1998. There were around 40 participants representing many of the key UK stakeholders. This covered a variety of backgrounds including higher education library managers, eLib projects (in particular eLib phase 3 and subject gateways), JISC services and technical developers. The workshop was chaired by Chris Rusbridge, eLib Programme Director.
\par The workshop followed a similar pattern to previous MODELS events, with an intensive schedule. The programme is attached at Appendix A. It included a series of short presentations to set the scene and highlight relevant initiatives which are working towards the same aims as MODELS. There were two breakout sessions on the first day. The main discussions took place in the plenary sessions, particularly on the second morning, and laid out some alternatives for taking MIA deployment forward, together with several recommendations. This report attempts to summarise the key discussions and as such represents participants\rquote viewpoints.
\par It was encouraging to note the degree of support for MIA amongst participants and the willingness to work towards common solutions. The need for high levels of interoperability between services is widely recognised.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {The need for MIA
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Ray Lester from the Natural History Museum set discussion in context by describing the range and diversity of the Museum\rquote s collections and the need for an integrated service. There }{\i are}{ specific collaborative initiatives for resource management and access in different subject areas (biodiversity was used as a prime example), but the problem of how to bring these together remains. Users need a single point of access, with the ability to cross-search a range of services which will vary according to their research question. From a management perspective, the most pressing issue to solve is the \lquote blobble\rquote \endash an expressive (although perhaps unappealing!) term used to represent the \lquote black box\rquote which will provide a unifying structure to manage these heterogeneous resources. It does however convey a useful picture, since the detail of this \lquote middleware\rquote is not yet fully understood, and therefore services can only be provided currently as monolithic systems rather than as components.
\par Instead, the required components need to be defined, as well as the relationships between the components, so that a range of services can be used together.
\par This reaffirmed the need for an architecture to provide a common basis for distributed development.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {MIA background
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {The MODELS Information Architecture has emerged over the course of the project. One of the project\rquote s aims was to produce blueprints for managing distributed library and information services.
\par MIA is a framework for talking about distributed library and information resources with a shared vocabulary and set of concepts. It suggests some components of such systems and arranges them within a logical architecture. MIA encapsulates the design and development issues of the MODELS workshops to date. The MIA broker model was presented at the sixth workshop}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {References
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {
\par }{\cs17\super \chftn }{ Rosemary Russell and Lorcan Dempsey. A Distributed National Electronic Resource? MODELS workshop 6 report. }{\i The Electronic Library,}{ August 1998 (in press). Pre-publication draft available from: }}}{ in February 1998.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Are organisations now the issue?
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Interoperability is now considered viable from a technical point of view; mapping attributes from one service to another is also manageable. However, the most difficult interoperability issue to resolve is now likely to be organisational: different services that need to interwork often have different goals and expectations. \lquote Branding\rquote , for example, is an important issue for some services, so a single access point with a common user interface may be undesirable for certain organisations.
\par The business models for developing services are far from clear \endash for example, how do cultural heritage organisations generate revenue?
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Interfacing MIA components
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Mike Stapleton and Denis Lynch collaborated on a pre-workshop study to clarify some of the interfaces between the components of the existing MIA broker. The aim of this work was to develop the model a stage further into something practical, which can be used by interested parties: systems vendors, information providers and library managers.
\par The ideal scenario is for suppliers to function in their chosen specialist area, and provide a service component which slots into the overall architecture. At present, it is not possible to do this, since many of the interfaces have not been defined and services cannot therefore interwork at the required level. SilverPlatter provides a interesting example \endash they would prefer the top two layers (user acess and service description) to be available from other sources, so that they could make databases available via the bottom layer (service access). However, since the other layers do not exist currently, SilverPlatter is forced to provide all the system components for a complete user service. It is likely that all broker-type systems are currently purchased from a single vendor. This is clearly not an efficient business model. A system of modular components, which libraries can purchase as required, is a more effective approach.
\par User access is perhaps the most difficult level to implement since it involves the definition of information landscapes}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ Information landscapes were widely discussed at MODELS 6.}}}{. There is likely to be a variety of access patterns in one system, according to users\rquote needs, provided by a set of \lquote pluggable\rquote cards.
\par Therefore one possible option is to define two APIs (Application Programming Interface}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ API: \lquote The interface (calling conventions) by which an application program accesses operating system and other services. An API is defined at source code level and provides a level of abstraction between the application and the kernel (or other privileged utilities) to ensure the portability of the code.\rquote From }{\i FOLDOC (Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing).}}}{), so that the top (user access) and bottom (service access) levels could be purchased off the shelf from a range of suppliers. In this case, the APIs would form part of the MIA definition.
\par The Microsoft question arose in discussion \endash what would be the result if Microsoft produced their own broker software, which could be incompatible with the MIA approach?
\par Several breakout groups also raised the difficult issue of authentication \endash it is not clear where authentication should occur within the MIA model. HEADLINE, for example, plans to authenticate at two levels, firstly user identification and secondly authentication for individual services (however users will be unaware of this \endash services which they are not allowed to access will not be visible). There is also an authentication problem when one gateway acts as a gateway to another.
\par MIA needs to work on an international scale since many of the library and information services used are international in scope.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Convincing communities to buy into MIA
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {The second breakout session examined how communities of interest might be convinced that they should buy into MIA. The three groups looked separately at the issues for library managers, service providers and users.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s3 \f1\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-360\li360\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls20\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls20\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Library managers
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls15\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Need to be reflective, to reinvent the library
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls16\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls16\adjustright {demonstrators are needed to showcase concepts and present different views
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls16\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls16\adjustright {HyLiFe has usefully demonstrated cumbersome multiple resource interactions versus integration
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {Stability is required \endash managers will not buy into something that is continually changing
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {Library systems supplier relations \endash likely to change?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls17\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls17\adjustright {Engagement with power is needed
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls18\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls18\adjustright {including the market beyond HE \endash eg DCMS
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s3 \f1\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-360\li360\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls20\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls20\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Service/resource providers
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls22\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls22\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Contact with users to be maintained
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls23\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls23\adjustright {must provide what they want
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls24\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls24\adjustright {Where is the middleware controlled?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls24\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls24\adjustright {Standards vital
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls25\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls25\adjustright {BUILDER RAI
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls25\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls25\adjustright {economy of implementation (not reinventing the wheel)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls26\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls26\adjustright {Presentation contract required?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls26\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls26\adjustright {Authentication
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls39\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls39\adjustright {needs to be further integrated into the model, rather than alongside
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls26\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls26\adjustright {Strategic alliances
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls26\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls26\adjustright {Identifiers necessary for discovery/locate/request to function economically
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls26\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls26\adjustright {Charging incompatibility
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s3 \f1\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-360\li360\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls20\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls20\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Users
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls27\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls27\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {End user information seekers
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls27\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls27\adjustright {Public library sector included?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls27\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls27\adjustright {Influence of communications environment
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls27\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls27\adjustright {Users are unsophisticated
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls29\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls29\adjustright {how much investment is needed for users to use systems?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls30\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls30\adjustright {Risks in remoteness
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls30\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls30\adjustright {Who tailors the landscape?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls30\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls30\adjustright {Users are interested in answers, not architectures
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls30\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls30\adjustright {Low-tech equipment often used
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls30\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls30\adjustright {Privacy ethics (tracking use of services?)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls30\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls30\adjustright {Authentication
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls32\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls32\adjustright {Peer interaction
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls33\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls33\adjustright {information seeking behaviour often depends on peers
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {MIA: conceptual or concrete?
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {The central issue debated was whether MIA should be conceptual (as it exists currently) or concrete. The former provides flexibility, especially useful for adapting to new technologies which may emerge. On the other hand, it is of limited value in this form for those organisations developing systems. It could be argued that if it remains at the conceptual level, any three-tier model is conformant! There was general agreement that MIA needs more elaboration and definition although it was not clear just how strict the definitions should be. If there is too much flexibility, the model confers no advantage. The boundaries between components in the current model are not always clear, so further elaboration would help to clarify where functions should reside. Given its component-based structure, it would still be capable of adapting to new technical requirements.
\par The AHDS gateway was discussed as an example of a \lquote concrete\rquote service \endash it is highly specified (for a particular purpose) and does }{\i not}{ consist of components.
\par The breakout sessions allowed specific projects to be examined against the MIA conceptual model. The sessions revealed a number of questions and issues, centred around the practicalities of implementing MIA. The aim is to shape the model into something accessible and useful, enabling maximum takeup. It is therefore very important that it is presented to the relevant communities and organisations in an appropriate way. Demonstrations are a key mechanism, since visualisation helps people to retain key messages.
\par Currently MIA can be treated in different contexts as a model, an architecture, a concept, a systems diagram; this is potentially confusing.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {The component view: some issues
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls5\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {What is the significance of the CORBA origin and influence?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls5\adjustright {Is there a market for components?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls5\adjustright {Should MIA be seen in terms of interfaces, APIs and protocols?
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls5\adjustright {The MIA model should be reduced to three layers (as earlier version) \endash ie middle two layers to be merged.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Information landscapes: scope
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls6\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Forward knowledge of datasets
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls6\adjustright {Knowledge of user
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls6\adjustright {Scaling and economy of attention
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls6\adjustright {Language control and thesauri
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls6\adjustright {Authentication and authorisation
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls6\adjustright {Who should be in control?
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {DNER
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {A Distributed National Electronic Resource is a stated JISC objective}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ The Committee on Electronic Information (CEI) - Content Working Group DNER policy paper is at: }}}{, although the resource boundary has not yet been defined. It is important that it makes business sense to the service providers, and also that it improves user services, so that maximum value is achieved from the funding available. However it is not an island \endash it also needs to take account of other sectors and commercial services. It should be }{\i open}{, and help to create best practice.
\par Disclosure is a key component of a DNER \endash services need to disclose information so that discovery and use can take place. Parts need to be agreed and named.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Distributed service development in Australia
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {MODELS usually involves one key overseas speaker to talk about related implementation experiences. At MODELS 7 Renato Iannella from DSTC}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ Information about DSTC is available at: }}}{ in Australia described several current related initiatives in Australia, involving a range of sectors including universities, the National Library and government departments. It is particularly interesting that an important push toward distributed services development has come from the Australian federal government.
\par The HotOil}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ HotOil: }}}{ project provides heterogeneous searching of both library and web resources, using Z39.50 and HTTP. It also has the potential to use X.500/LDAP and SQL. It uses the term \lquote information cluster\rquote for a group (or clump) of resources to be searched \endash these include eg Academic Libraries, General Web Search Engines, Medical. Clusters can be searched individually or in parallel. It is planned to make a HotOil UK mirror site available at Crossnet}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ Crossnet Systems: }}}{ shortly, to include UK targets.
\par The ZedWeb}{\cs17\super \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\cs17\super \chftn }{ ZedWeb project: }}}{ project is a subset of HotOil, providing the cluster/clump search facility. The project involves the National Library of Australia and the University of Queensland Library as well as DSTC. It has developed a simple Z39.50 Profile although is planned to align it with international profiling work (which includes MODELS) to ensure a coherent development path for library system vendors.
\par }{\cf1\lang1033\cgrid0 DSTC Consultancy}{ has recently carried out a survey for the Australian Government, into a Government Locator Service. It provides metadata for the discovery of government information, enabling users to f}{\cf1\lang1033\cgrid0 ind services across all levels of government, as well local community information. It }{has adopted Dublin Core, with two further metadata elements added. A key aim is to develop a \lquote referral\rquote element, which will direct searches to the best sites to respond to the query in hand.
\par Renato agreed that the MIA component model is a good }{\i functional}{ architecture, providing \lquote plug and play\rquote and flexibility. Consensus is needed on component semantics and protocol interfaces. Scalability is unclear. He also suggested that there is scope for Z39.50 and RDF to interoperate \endash RDF could be a solution for the \lquote service description\rquote and \lquote schema description\rquote boxes in the MIA broker.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Ways forward
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Further definition work is required to discover if the current MIA broker model is in fact capable of being implemented. If this work is undertaken it should concentrate on }{\i external}{ interfaces; internal interfaces should remain hidden inside the diagram \lquote boxes\rquote for the moment. Interfaces should be configurable enough to enable changes to be made at local level.
\par Some participants felt that it would be more straightforward to adopt a conventional software development approach. This would involve collating the various user requirements (since many may already exist eg for hybrid library projects), choosing a suitable design methodology and undertaking software analysis. It was argued that this would save time in the long term.
\par On the other hand, since the current state-of-the-art is individually-designed brokers which are built by one vendor, it is possible that these could function as the basis for a generic broker that allows \lquote plug and play\rquote . Rather than starting to define an entirely new broker model, it may be worth exploring first whether existing systems could be reused. This pragmatic approach is also likely to be quicker and cheaper. It was felt that attempting to define the \lquote big picture\rquote from scratch would be dangerous, in terms of development effort required.
\par There was some support for developing a top-level API, basing the work on existing brokers. It was considered important that output should be expressed in terms of business process rather than programming code. Any work undertaken should focus on the components on the left-hand side of the existing model. This would not address what the information landscape would look like, but instead how services would interact with it.
\par There is a need to define semantics. Work on interfaces may help to redefine the \lquote boxes\rquote . Components should be interchangeable.
\par The Australian Government Locator Service project produced a set of different implementation options for different types of servers; it is similarly possible that a range of options could be produced for MIA.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Information landscapes
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {If APIs were to be developed, the type of data to be included in the information landscape would need to be defined first. It was acknowledged that it is not the developer\rquote s role to perform this task. Decisions would be needed on data to be stored and services required by managers. It was suggested that a list of exemplar data could be compiled. However progress could be made in parallel
\par The existence of information landscapes means that individual servers will not be searched unnecessarily (ie for terms which are not relevant to collections held), and access will be optimised.
\par Since several of the eLib phase 3 projects are committed to implementing landscapes, it is clearly desirable to agree on a joint approach.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {User profiles
\par }\pard\plain \s15\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {The requirement for a user description format, to hold information about users was also raised. This is a key component of the landscape. eLib hybrid library projects should clearly also adopt a similar approach to defining user profiles. The data could be broken down into chunks.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {As noted, there were varying opinions on the possible ways forward; the following emerged as the leading options.
\par
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {Summary and recommendations
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls9\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Managerial consensus is needed in several areas:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls34\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls34\adjustright {library/information management operations
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls35\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls35\adjustright {activities - a showcase/demonstrator
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls10\adjustright {Development tools (discussion to take place on lis-elib-tech list)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls36\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls36\adjustright {API
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls36\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls36\adjustright {MIA concretisation work
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls13\adjustright {An information landscapes meeting should be organised
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls37\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls37\adjustright {to include discussion of data structures etc
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls13\adjustright {A hybrid libraries concertation day should be organised
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls38\pnrnot0\pnstart8\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb -}}\ls38\adjustright {to discuss service definition and integration
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \f3\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\fi-360\li360\sa120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls4\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {A study equivalent to the Australian Government Locator Service project should be commissioned for the UK Distributed National Electronic Resource (DNER)
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Acknowledgement
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {With thanks to Rachel Heery and Tracy Gardner at UKOLN for commenting on earlier drafts.
\par
\par \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Appendix A: Workshop programme
\par }\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \f1\lang2057\cgrid {MODELS 7 - The MODELS Information Architecture (MIA): deployment
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {
\par }\pard\plain \s4\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel3\adjustright \b\fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Thursday 7 May 1998
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {
\par 11.00-11.10 Welcome and introduction }{\i (Chris Rusbridge, The Electronic Libraries Programme - Chair)
\par }{11.10-11.25 The need for MIA in a cross-sectoral environment }{\i (Ray Lester, Natural History Museum)
\par }{
\par }\pard\plain \s4\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel3\adjustright \b\fs20\lang2057\cgrid {MIA-related development - Part I
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {11.25-11.40 AHDS gateway }{\i (David Kay, Fretwell-Downing)
\par }{11.40-11.55 Aquarelle }{\i (Mike Stapleton, System Simulation)
\par }{11.55-12.10 NESSTAR project }{\i (Simon Musgrave, The Data Archive)
\par }{
\par 12.10-13.00 Breakout session 1 (see separate page)
\par
\par }{\i 13.00-14.00 Lunch
\par }{
\par 14.00-14.40 Report back from breakout session 1
\par
\par 14.40-15.10 Interfacing MIA components }{\i (Mike Stapleton, System Simulation & Denis Lynch, SilverPlatter)
\par }{15.10-15.25 Developing component-based services }{\i (Rob Bull, Crossnet Systems)
\par }{
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\b MIA-related development - Part II
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {15.25-15.40 HEADLINE }{\i (Alan Robiette, London Business School)
\par }{15.40-15.55 BUILDER }{\i (Ian Upton, University of Birmingham)
\par }{
\par }{\i 16.00-16.30 Tea
\par }{
\par 16.30-17.20 Breakout session 2
\par 17.20-18.00 Report back from breakout session 2
\par
\par }{\i 19.30 Dinner
\par }{
\par }\pard\plain \s4\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel3\adjustright \b\fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Friday 8 May 1998
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {
\par 09.00-09.30 Consolidation from previous day
\par 09.30-10.10 Distributed service development in Australia }{\i (Renato Iannella, DSTC)
\par }{10.10-10.30 DNER issues }{\i (Lorcan Dempsey, UKOLN)
\par }{10.30-11.00 Review
\par
\par }{\i 11.00-11.30 Coffee
\par }{
\par 11.30-13.00 The way forward
\par
\par }\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\i\f1\lang2057\cgrid {Appendix B: Workshop participants
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {Mo Bains, Music Libraries OnLine, University of Central England
\par Michael Breaks, Heriot-Watt University
\par Peter Brophy, Department of Information & Communications, Manchester Metropolitan University
\par Rob Bull, Crossnet Systems Limited
\par Peter Burnhill, EDINA & Data Library, University of Edinburgh
\par Lorcan Dempsey, UKOLN
\par Mathew Dovey, Oxford University
\par Bert Degenhart Drenth, Databasix Information Systems BV
\par Helen Edwards, London Business School
\par Michael Emly, University of Leeds
\par Nicky Ferguson, ILRT, University of Bristol
\par Martin Fisk, Aurora Information Technology
\par Tony Gill, ADAM, Surrey Institute of Art & Design
\par Dan Greenstein, AHDS
\par Rachel Heery, UKOLN
\par Richard Heseltine, University of Hull
\par Renato Iannella, DSTC, University of Queensland
\par David Kay, Fretwell-Downing Informatics
\par David Larbey, University of East Anglia
\par Ray Lester, Natural History Museum
\par Denis Lynch, SilverPlatter Information
\par Clive Massey, BIDS
\par Janet Mitchell Lees, OCLC
\par Robin Murray, Fretwell-Downing Informatics
\par Simon Musgrave, The Data Archive, University of Essex
\par Greg Newton-Ingham, University of East Anglia
\par Stephen Pinfield, BUILDER, University of Birmingham
\par Andy Powell, UKOLN
\par Mick Ridley, University of Bradford
\par Alan Robiette, London Business School
\par Chris Rusbridge, eLib
\par Rosemary Russell, UKOLN
\par Ashley Sanders, COPAC, University of Manchester
\par Mike Stapleton, System Simulation Limited
\par Peter Stubley, University of Sheffield
\par Jean Sykes, London School of Economics
\par Ian Upton, BUILDER, University of Birmingham
\par Richard Wellings, BLCMP
\par Sue Welsh, OMNI, Nottingham University
\par Astrid Wissenberg, MALIBU, King's College London
\par
\par }}